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研究发现：美洲原住民与汉族血统关系紧密
美洲原住民的祖先是在5千到1万5千年前，经过至少3次迁徙潮，从西伯利亚来到现居地。这项研究推翻“一次大规模迁”的理论，并且显示美洲原住民可能与汉族血统关系紧密。
研究指出，大部分美洲原住民源自称为“第一美洲人”的单一人种。他们在最后一次冰河期快要结束前，也就是大概1万5千年前，从亚洲穿越白令(Beringia)陆桥来到美洲。
他们现今的后代包括魁北克的阿冈奎人(Algonquin)、阿根廷火地岛省(Tierra del Fuego)的亚格汉人(Yaghan)，以及瓜地马拉的喀克其奎语马雅人(Kaqchikel Maya)。 (博讯 boxun.com)
但是这份刊登在“自然”(Nature)的研究指出，之后两次迁徙潮的人种和汉族关系相当紧密，而且繁衍出更多美洲原住民族群。
研究指出：“北极圈的爱斯基摩-阿留申语系族(Eskimo-Aleut)近半血统是来自第二波亚洲迁徙潮。加拿大的纳-德内语系(Na-Dene)契帕瓦族(Chipewyan)约有十分之一的血统来自第三波迁徙。”
领军这次研究的鲁伊兹-林纳瑞斯(Andres Ruiz-Linares)表示，第二波与第三波移民可能是在上个冰河期尾声陆桥沉没之后，乘船来到美洲。
研究结果对遗传学家、考古学家和语言学家来说具争议性，当中不少人士依旧认为，美洲原住民祖先为单一人种。
不过鲁伊兹-林纳瑞斯表示，研究的重要在于增加外界对历史和美洲人口分布的了解。
这项研究也支持语言学家葛林柏格(Joseph Greenberg)1986年提出的学说，也就是根据语言差异，原住民是在3次迁徙下来到美洲。
PARIS: Native Americans spread out today from Canada to the tip of Chile descended not from one but at least three migrant waves from Siberia between 5,000 and 15,000 years ago, a study said Wednesday.
The finding is controversial among geneticists, archaeologists and linguists—many of whom have maintained that a single Asian ancestral group populated the Americas.
But the new study, claiming to be the most comprehensive analysis yet of Native American genetics, claims to have found incontrovertible proof that there were three immigration waves — a theory first put forward in 1986.
Most Native Americans, said the study, descend from a single group known as the “First American” which crossed from Asia via the Beringia land bridge towards the end of the last ice age some 15,000 years ago.
Their modern-day descendants include the Algonquin of Quebec, the Yaghan of Tierra del Fuego and the Kaqchikel Maya of Guatemala.
But two later migrations of people closely related to the Han ethnic Chinese were responsible for creating more groups, accor-ding to a paper published in the journal Nature.
“Speakers of Eskimo-Aleut languages from the Arctic inherit almost half their ancestry from a second stream of Asian gene flow, and the Na-Dene-speaking Chipewyan from Canada inherit roughly one-tenth of their ancestry from a third stream,” it said.
This indicated interbreeding between later immigrants and the First Americans they encountered.
The second and third waves of migrants may have come to America in boats after the Beringia land bridge disappeared under water at the end of the last ice age, human geneticist Andres Ruiz-Linares of University College London’s department of genetics, evolution and environment told AFP.
He coordinated a team of about 60 researchers from around the world who analyzed the genetic data of more than 500 invididuals from 52 Native American and 17 Siberian groups, looking for similarities and differences.
They looked at more than 350,000 genetic markers.
The researchers found the most genetic diversity in North America and the most heterogeneous groups in the south — to where they moved probably as competition for resources increased in the north as more people arrived.
“One of the main results is that natives from the northern parts of the continent would have a more recent Siberian ancestry than other people from the continent,” as they mixed with the newcomers, said Ruiz-Linares.
“Native Americans from the lower parts of North America all the way down to Tierra el Fuego originate from the really first settlers of the continent.”
For the study, the team had to compensate for the impact of interbreeding with European and
African immigrants since Chris-topher Columbus discovered America in 1492.
Ruiz-Linares said the findings were significant for our understanding of history and how the continent was settled.
“This is part of the issue of how humans evolved and colonized the world,” he said.
The study gives genetic backing to the 1986 theory put forward by linguist Joseph Greenberg that the Americas must have been populated in three waves, based on language differences.
His proposition has been widely criticized, but the new study claims to provide evidence allowing science to “reject the view that all present-day Native Americans stem from a single migration wave.”
http://www.redorbit.com/news/sci ... ved-in-three-waves/
More:
Native Americans traveled to North American continent in three waves: Journal ...
New York Daily News - 1 day ago
New Discovery Complicates America's Migrant History
The Takeaway - 1 day ago
First Americans came from Siberia in 3 waves, DNA reveals
Anchorage Daily News - 1 day ago
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