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Mountain rescue
1786年,当医生帕卡尔和他的伙伴登上勃朗峰的时候,他绝没有想到,应该治病救人的他,又开创了救人的一个新领域: 山地救援
当阿尔卑斯运动如火如荼地开展起来后,因自然原因、人为原因而使人员伤亡不断,于是,人们从自发的营救开始,逐渐走向了有组织的高山救援。
1948年,奥地利登山协会在Wilden Kaiser召集了一个会议,来自奥地利、法国、德国、瑞士等国家经验丰富的高山救援者,成立了International Commission for Alpine Rescue,即国际高山救援组织,简称ICAR;10年后,在美国的俄勒冈州,也成立了一个国际性的救援组织,叫Mountain Rescue Association,即高山救援协会,简称MRA,它主要由美国、加拿大等北美国家相继组成。
ICAR是高山救援领域中各成员及协会组成的世界性合作组织。它的主要任务是促进高山救援领域的国际合作,为受伤的登山者或处于危险之中的登山者提供有效的帮助,避免山难的进一步发生。具体来说,ICAR有以下几项具体任务:
(1)介绍和推荐山难救援装备;
(2)专业评价和安全检测救援装备,并提出改进的意见;
(3)山难事故分析、事故研究、山难的预防和事故统计;
(4)山难伤、病员的急救、运送的医疗方案推荐;(
5)有关山难特殊课题、档案的交流;
(6)发布高山救援和山难事故预防的信息。
ICAR 设有代表大会、执行委员会、主席、四个技术委员会和监察员。其中,四个技术委员会是:高山救援委员会、雪崩救援委员会、空中救援委员会和高山紧急状况医学委员会。各技术委员会按照工作条例都有明确的任务、组成和工作方法等。
MRA的宗旨是建立一个中央组织,通过组织与协调,共同促进更有效的登山安全教育,提高高山救援的服务质量和效率,促进救援技术和救援程序的自由交流,共享救援设备发展的新成果,促使高山救援工作的标准化建设。MRA对以下两个词有明确的定义:
(1)高山救援单位:是指能在多山的环境中从事搜索和救援的组织,能在四个不同的季节中精通搜索、无技术救援和技术救援;
(2)志愿者组织:
一个志愿者组织要满足三个条件:
一是其成员中要有80%以上的志愿者;
二是志愿者及他们代表的组织对其提供的救援,80%以上不收报酬;
三是救援组织可以向被救对象的责任单位要求救援的实际开销补偿,但是不能向被救对象及其亲属、责任单位索取报酬。
在MRA章程中,每一种救援都必须在规定的程序下进行,例如搜索的程序为:
(1)收到报警,确定响应紧急程度,发出警报;
(2)发出警报程序;
(3)启动应急程序(固定程序)和当地搜索工作程序;
(4)制定搜索计划和策略,包括可行性分析;
(5)搜索策略和操作,包括线装搜索、网状搜索等方式的确定;
(6)追踪;
(7)野外定向和行军;
(8)夜间搜索;
(9)无线电通讯;
(10)ELT搜索;
(11)GPS的应用;
(12)适合当地的野外救生和救生技术、装备;
(13)直升机的应用和安全。
对以上进行总结可以看出:国际上的高山救援,一般包括搜索、救援和装备器材三个部分,而贯穿始终的是机制和体系。
1、搜索
正确地确定伤员位置,是救援的前提。现在一些登山、滑雪,打猎的人士,都知道在出发前背上一个Beacon,即无线信号发射器。当一遇到雪崩或者需要援助的时候,打开发射器开关,就能发射出脉冲信号,救援者根据手持接受信号仪信号强弱的不同,找到最强的方向,就可以逐渐接近救援区。第二届世界登山滑雪锦标赛(西班牙)时,运动员每人必须背有这个装置,才允许参加比赛。
另一个有效的办法是搜救犬,国外救援组织,基本都有搜救犬。经过训练,这种犬能够准确地找到埋在雪下的生命。,高山救援的搜索环节受到广泛重视,很多国家的救援组织,名称就叫“Search and Rescue Team”(搜索和救援队)。对于搜索,市场上 也出现了很多专业设备,例如前文介绍的无线电、动物等,同时,搜索理论上也有了一些成果,如线装搜索、网格状搜索等。
2、救援
包括野外紧急外伤处置、伤员的运送。伤员的运送,是非常讲究科学的,首先要判断伤员的伤位和伤势,再确定伤员的运送方式。在例行的演习,一般都是设想:在伤员不能动弹的状态下,把伤员从悬崖、谷底等复杂的地形中救出来,这就需要专业的救助手段和技术。在有关影像资料之中:可以看到救援队员用简单的金属担架、绳索和各种登山、救援器械,如上升器、下降器、滑轮等,将担架平稳地从悬崖绝壁放下、或者将担架从谷底上升、再平移到交通方便的位置。当然,直升机是必不可少的救援运输工具。
3、救援器械
专业的救援器械是救援的物质基础。在发达国家。已经形成了一个产业,有专门的厂商研究、制造和销售救援工具,救援工具也因此日新月异的发展。举个例子,最近。在波兰开会的时候,推出了一种新的工具,这它表面上是一个简单的背包,但是当遭遇雪崩时,一拉背包带上的开关,背包就立刻自动冲气,像一个大气囊,雪崩的气浪会推着背包和人向前冲,而避免将登山者埋在雪下。实际上,它已经脱离了救援范畴,而进入规避危险的领域。这说明,山地救援业界,已经开始研究制造规避山难的工具。专业的器械设备,是一个行业专业、独立和成熟的标志之一。
山地救援组织,几乎都是以区域为依托建立的。通常是保护区管理当局,或者当地的志愿者组成救援组织,而政府、企业、社会团体提供协助。如警察局或者其他机构提供直升机,救护车等救援设备。以区域为依托的救援,充分发挥了及时、准确的作用,救人的成功率也高。
因为他们距离近,熟悉地形,能在第一时间赶到出事地点,救援的信息往往也通过政府的网络迅速传达到实施救援者。在美国的时候,我们正在一个救援志愿者朋友家做客,突然他的电话响了,说某地有一个攀岩者从悬崖上摔下去了。他马上通知人,很快一架直升机从我们头顶飞过,他告诉我们:伤员已运上飞机,马上即可送到医院。
Mountain rescue -----refers to search and rescue activities that occur in a mountainous environment, although the term is sometimes also used to apply to search and rescue in other wilderness environments. The difficult and remote nature of the terrain in which mountain rescue often occurs has resulted in the development of a number of specific pieces of equipment and techniques. Helicopters are often used to quickly extract casualties, and search dogs may be used to locate them.
Mountain rescue services may be paid professionals or volunteer professionals. Paid rescue services are more likely to exist in places with a high demand such as the Alps, national parks with mountain terrain and many ski resorts. However, the labor-intensive and occasional nature of mountain rescue, along with the specific techniques and local knowledge required for some environments, means that mountain rescue is often undertaken by voluntary teams. These are frequently made up of local climbers and guides. Often paid rescue services may work in co-operation with voluntary services. For instance, a paid helicopter rescue team may work with a volunteer mountain rescue team on the ground. Mountain rescue is often free, although in some parts of the world rescue organizations may charge for their services. But there are also exceptions, e.g. Switzerland, where mountain rescue is highly expensive (some 2000 to 4000 USD) and will be charged to the patient. In more remote or less-developed parts of the world organized mountain rescue services are often negligible or non-existent.
In the five national parks of the Canadian Rockies, mountain rescue is primarily the responsibility of Parks Canada wardens. Voluntary self-registration is available at information centers and warden offices whereby if a climbing party does not contact Parks Canada by a predetermined day and time, Parks Canada will initiate a search. However, parties should be self-reliant and not expect a search to begin until the next day (Parks Canada will usually initiate a search the same day if weather and daylight permits). Search and rescue costs are currently paid for by park entrance fees.
世界相关组织
http://www.mra.org/
http://www.northshorerescue.com/
http://www.mra.org/teams/index.php
http://www.nfl.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ccg/sheet01.htm
http://www.nss.gc.ca/site/SAR_IF/index_e.asp
# Avalanche
# St Bernard (dog)
# Wilderness first aid
# Mountain Rescue England & Wales
# Holme Valley Mountain Rescue Team
# Royal Air Force Mountain Rescue Service (United Kingdom)
# Internationale Kommission für Alpines Rettungswesen IKAR - Commission Internationale de Sauvetage Alpin CISA - International Commission for Alpine Rescue ICAR
# Web sites for Mountain Rescue Association member teams
# NAVSAR National Association of Volunteer Search and Rescue Teams
-----如何呼救
Here's what to do:
•Phone 999
•Ask for the police then mountain rescue
•Give the police as much information as you can
including where you are
•If you have come off the fell, stay where you are
Once you've successfully called out a Mountain Rescue team, your continued assistance is vital. You are most important person in the rescue as you hold most of the information we need.
Do not return to the casualty.
We need to talk to you and will send someone to you.
This will speed up our job further. |
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救人一命, 胜造七级浮屠
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