好文推荐 《熊的品行》

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好文推荐  《熊的品行》

简译自
http://www.goseebears.com/behave.htm

BEAR BEHAVIOR 熊的品行

When a bear meets a person, it often reacts as it would to another bear. Understanding this behavior is the best way to avoid negative interactions.

熊遭遇到人  与熊遭遇到另一只熊的反应 是一样的。正确理解熊的这个行为特征，是避免负面冲突/接触最重要的内容！


BEARS ARE PREDICTABLE

Bears exhibit predictable behavior. This trait can be beneficial to people if they come into contact with bears.

熊的举止行为 大都多可以为人们所预测的。

BEARS AREN'T BOOGIEMEN

它们并非恶棍  熊一般不太凶险。极端的捕食行为，是少见的。通常是回避人 ， 而不是“直取之” 除非它们要吃的食物周围， 即使是有人。 熊也要接近之！

Bears are not malicious. Except for extremely rare predatory behavior, they are not out to "get" people. unless they are forced to be around humans to be near a food source, they usually choose to avoid us.

BLACK AND BROWN BEARS HAVE EVOLVED DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL

棕熊 与黑熊 有着不同的生存方式。黑熊遭遇人们机会多。 多是逃避。比如爬树等。 黑熊它们是有巨大的“自卫攻击”猛兽。

棕熊虽然 也是：36计 走为上！但它们感到受威胁时， 无论是面对人 或者其他的熊 他们都将极居攻击性。

The adaptations of both species have molded their relationships - and reactions - to people. Black bears are excellent climbers. When a black bear is threatened it usually runs from the threat or goes up a tree. With cubs out of danger, female black bears don't have to make vigorous defenses - risking potential injury. Although black bears tend to retreat from people, they are still incredibly strong animals that can cause injuries. Brown bears live in coastal forests but have also learned to exploit treeless habitat. They are more likely than black bears to defend themselves when threatened. A brown bear's first line of defense is to retreat, but it can be very aggressive towards other bears and people it perceives as threats.

BEARS CAN BE VERY SOCIAL

与其他动物相比而言 狼 黑猩猩 狮子 ，熊似乎被称为‘反社会的动物” 。 因为熊不会有 ’集体围猎“  团队行动。但熊能够在小范围的”社区里‘ 和其他熊之间 彼此 “和睦交流” 和平共存

Bears are often described as asocial when compared to wolves, chimps, or lions. This may be true when making comparisons, however, to use the term asocial to describe bears is incorrect. While bears do not join in hunts, they can coexist in very close proximity to each other. The bears of a region are usually familiar with one another and meetings consist of complex social exchanges.

BEARS ARE NOT TERRITORIAL

熊  不象 狼群等动物那样， 有着强烈的领土，疆域意识。而极端排斥异族。 熊 这个方面 和我们人类有些  类似。可以共享家园。 共用土地等资源 是其熊与熊的社会性交往的基础

Being territorial means keeping other members of your species away from a given area. Wolves and primates are territorial - bears aren't. Bears, like people, share home ranges. This mutual use of land and resources is a basis for bear social behavior.

BEARS LIVE IN A DOMINANCE HIERARCHY
熊生活在一个按照优势 而决定等级框架群里；

成熟的雄性 在该层次结构的顶部，年轻的 幼小的以次往下排列。建立并且维持这样立体社会的等级 是靠熊的暴力。 单个雌性。 几个雌熊及其幼子亚群，松散的跟随雄性。又因为 年纪。体型，气候等而变化着。暴力攻击性各个不同。

Mature males are at the top of the hierarchy, and sub-adults and cubs at the bottom. Bears establish and maintain their social position and place in the hierarchy by acting aggressively. Single females and females with cubs are almost always submissive to mature males but have a loose hierarchy within their own group. This hierarchy is based on age, size, and temperament - some bears are more aggressive than others.

BEARS DEFEND PERSONAL SPACE

熊 具有 空间自卫感，我们人类 也可以感受到的。 危机空间。 彼此一旦太靠近， 要么就 逃逸。 要么就 ’奋起反抗“ 。 至于 ”危机空间“ 具体是多少， 则取决与当时当地的环境，

Bears, like humans and other animals, have a critical space - an area around them that they may defend. Once you have entered a bear's critical space you have forced the bear to act - either to run away or be aggressive. The size of the critical space is different for every bear and situation.

BEARS DON'T SHARE

熊 不会 分享食物 即使是母熊 也不会将 捕获的食物 奉献给她的幼崽子。小家伙必须 抢夺之！这一点。 帮助理解某些 为进食期间而 引发的攻击人 的暴力攻击行为。

Bears do not share food. Female bears do not present food to cubs - the cubs must take it. When a female kills a fish or a moose calf she immediately begins to eat. The cubs fight among themselves and with their mother to get what they can. If what they grab cannot be immediately consumed - like a moose leg or a fish head - the piece will be vigorously defended. This behavior accounts for some of the aggressive and defensive interactions that take place with people, especially when they disturb feeding bears.

BEARS HABITUATE, OR BECOME ACCUSTOMED, TO PEOPLE JUST LIKE THEY DO TO OTHER BEARS

如果某地， 在局限的空间里  有丰富的食物。 熊对待此刻接近的人 ， 就好象对待其他 彼此靠近的熊一样， 可以相互包容。

Because plentiful food resources can be localized - salmon in a stream or berries on a mountainside - bears have evolved behavior that allows them to tolerate each other at close distances. This behavior is transferred to their relationship with humans. If they are not shot or harassed, bears habituate to people the same way they do to each other.

BEARS REACT TO NEW THINGS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

对新奇的东西  熊 比较会去 “奋起斗争”。 在”火力侦察“ 以后，熊 再来观察，是否是威胁警报。 这 并不为学者 认为是 强攻击性

New objects or situations often frighten bears. Behaviorists call this "strange object response". After an initial fright, bears will often investigate what alarmed them. This is not an aggressive act and shouldn't be regarded as one.

BEARS ARE NOT ALWAYS AWARE

熊，特别是成年棕熊，并不太警觉 关注四周。因为他们正处于食物链的顶端。 对 不速之客的 人的出现 往往 麻木不仁  不太在乎

Bears, particularly adult brown bears, are not always aware of what is going on around them. They are at the top of the food chain and have few concerns. A big bear following a trail doesn't always look ahead. A bear can literally blunder into an unsuspecting person.

--------欢迎斧正  欢迎 被“砖头” 砸来 ----  ”抛玉 引砖“ 了